The ACP Group
PRESENTATION
The African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) is an organisation
created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975. It is composed of African,
Caribbean and Pacific States signatories to the Georgetown Agreement or
the Partnership Agreement between the ACP and the European Union, officially
called the "ACP-EC Partnership Agreement" or the "Cotonou Agreement".
Objectives
The ACP Group´s main objectives are :
- sustainable development of its Member-States and their gradual integration
into the global economy, which entails making poverty reduction a matter
of priority and establishing a new, fairer, and more equitable world
order ;
- coordination of the activities of the ACP Group in the framework of
the implementation of ACP-EC Partnership Agreements;
- consolidation of unity and solidarity among ACP States, as well as
understanding among their peoples ;
- establishment and consolidation of peace and stability in a free and
democratic society.
Composition
The ACP Group consists of 79 Member-States, all of them, save Cuba,
signatories to the Cotonou Agreement which binds them to the European
Union: 48 countries from Sub-Saharan Africa, 16 from the Caribbean and
15 from the Pacific.
List of ACP Countries
Angola - Antigua and Barbuda - Belize - Cape Verde - Comoros - Bahamas
- Barbados - Benin - Botswana - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central
African Republic - Chad - Congo (Brazzaville) - Congo (Kinshasa) - Cook
Islands - Cte d'Ivoire - Cuba - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic
- Eritrea - Ethiopia - Fiji - Gabon - Gambia - Ghana - Grenada - Republic
of Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Equatorial Guinea - Guyana - Haiti - Jamaica
- Kenya - Kiribati - Lesotho - Liberia - Madagascar - Malawi - Mali - Marshall
Islands - Mauritania - Mauritius - Micronesia - Mozambique - Namibia -
Nauru - Niger - Nigeria - Niue - Palau - Papua New Guinea - Rwanda - St.
Kitts and Nevis - St. Lucia - St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Solomon
Islands - Samoa - Sao Tome and Principe - Senegal - Seychelles - Sierra
Leone - Somalia - South Africa - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Tanzania
- Timor Leste - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tuvalu - Uganda -
Vanuatu - Zambia - Zimbabwe
Overview
The Group was originally created with the aim of coordinating cooperation
between its members and the European Union. Its main objective was to negotiate
and implement, together, cooperation agreements with the European Community.
Over the years, the Group extended its range of activities. Since then,
cooperation among its members has gone beyond development cooperation with
the European Union and covers a variety of fields spanning trade, economics,
politics and culture, in diverse international fora such as the World Trade
Organisation (WTO).
Beginning of ACP-EU cooperation
Cooperation between the European Union and the ACP Group began in 1975
with the First Lome Convention but the origin of this type of partnership
dates back to the birth of Europe itself as an organised regional entity.
In fact, as soon as the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957, it created an
avenue for cooperation with the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)
of the six signatory countries: Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg
and Holland, i.e. essentially West and Central African countries with ties
to France.
Regime of Association and the Yaoundé Conventions
A "Regime of Association" was devised in 1957 and endowed with resources
from the first European Development Fund (EDF). In 1963 and 1969 18 African
States and their six European counterparts signed the First and Second
Yaoundé Conventions, supported by resources from the 2nd and 3rd
EDF respectively. The agreements were geared mainly towards financial,
technical and trade cooperation, primarily in the sectors of economic and
social infrastructure.
The United Kingdom´s accession to the European Community in 1973
paved the way for the extension of the Europe-Africa cooperation to the
Commonwealth countries, whether African, Caribbean, or Pacific. Later on,
Spain´s accession would also have an impact on the membership of
the ACP Group.
The Georgetown Agreement, the Group´s fundamental charter, which
was signed in 1975 at the time the First Lome Convention came into force,
laid down the rules for cooperation between the countries of three continents,
the main link being shared aid from the European Community.
back to top
The Lome Conventions
With the signature of the first Lome Convention in 1975, the number of
signatory countries rose to 46 on the ACP side and 9 on the European side.
Lome II was signed by 58 ACP States in 1980 and Lome III by 65 ACP countries
and 10 European States in 1985.
These three Conventions, each spanning a five-year period, were accompanied
by the 4th, 5th and 6th EDFs. These were implemented until 1990, year in
which Lome IV was signed, during the negotiation of which events occurred
that would rock Central and Eastern Europe as symbolized by the fall of
the Berlin Wall.
ACP-EU cooperation has been able to keep the lid on non-politicization.
The most notable achievement of ACP-EU cooperation is that it introduced
a new type of relationship between rich and poor countries based on solidarity
and partnership, an independent involvement in political arrangements which
can boost bilateral relations.
The Lome conventions granted non-reciprocal trade preferences to ACP countries.
They included many more innovations than the Yaoundé Conventions.
For example, agricultural sectoral programmes first appeared in the Lome
Conventions. In addition, a compensatory mechanism was created under Stabex
to offset losses in export earnings due to price fluctuations.
From Lome I to Lome IV
Improvements were added from one convention to the next without causing
any major disruptions. Lome II saw the appearance of Sysmin, a mechanism
similar to Stabex, but for mining products. The negotiation of that convention,
signed in 1984, in the middle of a decade characterised by a quest for
viability and efficiency, was marked by the calling into question of the
effectiveness of aid. Emphasis was placed on food self-sufficiency for
ACP countries.
The expression "political dialogue", or policy dialogue, made its appearance
in Lome III, but political dialogue would only really be introduced in
Lome IV. Negotiated during the turmoil of 1989, that Convention enshrined
respect for Human Rights as a fundamental clause.
In the meantime, the structural adjustment established by the Bretton
Woods Institutions had been supported by Europe and was therefore taken
on board in Lome IV. The major innovation of that Agreement still remains
its duration. Signed for a 10-year period, it included two 5-year Financial
Protocols and the 7th and 8th EDFs. Lome IV was signed by 68 ACP countries
and 12 EU Member-States.
The negotiation of the second financial protocol led to more changes than
had been anticipated. The European public displayed a certain lack of interest
in cooperation at the end of the Cold War. The clause on respect for Human
Rights and democratic principles was by then an essential aspect of cooperation,
and measures for the suspension of aid made their appearance.
Review of Lome IV
Lome IV bis, which was signed in 1995, saw the number of signatory countries
move to 70 for the ACP and 15 on the EU side, and distinguished itself
by the importance accorded to decentralised cooperation and the role of
civil society.
Twenty years of Europe-ACP cooperation and the consolidation of solidarity
among ACP countries had forged a cohesive bond which made the breaking
up of the ACP bloc or any weakening of the ACP entity quite unthinkable.
The Cotonou Agreement
Negotiation of the Cotonou Agreement was fraught with obstacles and took
place in the midst of a period of global orthodoxy. The benefits and opportunities
of the liberal economic system are undeniable but the constraints and lack
of insight inherent in some economic policies imposed in different places
have been counter-productive and resulted in the failure of the World Trade
Organisation´s Ministerial Conference in Seattle, which enabled all
involved to become more aware and to include a social agenda in economic
adjustments.
It is in the wake of this transformation that the Cotonou Agreement was
signed by 77 ACP countries on 13 June 2000. Cuba, candidate to the Agreement
was, unfortunately, unable to sign it. Nonetheless, the ACP Group decided
to include Cuba, in the hope that the problems which prevented its accession
to the ACP-EU partnership would be resolved in the near future.
The last country to become a member of the ACP Group was Timor Leste.
It is affiliated with the Pacific region. It became an ACP Member-State
in 2003, shortly after its independence.
The Cotonou Agreement, by its very existence, represents a significant
success for the ACP Group. It was forged from the Group´s determination
to maintain its solidarity - a solidarity which certainly convinced the
ACP States´ European partners. In addition, the Agreement, despite
not meeting all the ACP demands, took on board their fundamental concerns.
First of all by its duration - twenty years- sufficient time to enable
ACP Member-States to get onto the road to development and, especially,
to become smoothly integrated into the global market. Indeed, the Agreement
envisages the removal of non-reciprocal trade preferences granted ACP countries,
but only after a long transition period. In fact, Economic Partnership
Agreements (EPA) will be negotiated between the European Union and ACP
countries between September 2002 and the end of 2007, following which they
will come into force.
back to top
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA)
The ACP-EU Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) are supposed to be special
trade agreements which, like the Cotonou Agreement that spawned them, aim
mainly to ensure the development of ACP countries and their gradual integration
into the global economy. They must be compatible with the rules of the
World Trade Organisation. In addition to the gradual nature of any trade
liberalisation among ACP countries, the EPAs must fulfill a second criterion,
i.e. asymmetry, which means that they must take account of the difference
in the levels of social and economic development between the European Union
and ACP countries. At the same time, the European Union will assist ACP
countries and businesses to implement the necessary structural and macro-economic
reforms, by building their capacities so as to enable them to better cope
with the challenges of competition and globalization.
This transitional phase of ACP-EU trade cooperation from 2000-2007 required
the approval of the WTO, which was hard-won. In November 2001, the determination
of the ACP countries, bolstered by the unstinting support of the European
Union at the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference, enabled them to claim a decisive
victory, perhaps for their future: they obtained a WTO waiver for the trade
chapter of the Cotonou Agreement.
On that occasion, the ACP Group stood out as one of the emerging Groups
from the developing world. It was firm but realistic, opting resolutely
for free trade while remaining determined to protect its vital interests.
Innovations of the Cotonou Agreement
Apart from its relatively long duration (20 years instead of 5 years as
for Lome I, II and III, and 10 for Lome IV), the main innovations of the
Cotonou Agreement derive from the fact that it incorporates civil society
and the private sector as new actors on the political level. They will,
therefore, no longer be mere beneficiaries of cooperation, but feature
among the managers, insofar as permitted by the prerogatives of governments,
which are solely responsible for determining the main development policies
for their countries.
The major options within the Cotonou Agreement were not imposed on the
ACP but constitute a deliberate choice and are part of the ongoing development
of the Group´s member-countries, be it the choice of economic liberalisation
or a stronger affirmation of political dialogue. This involves the democratization
of ACP countries and the involvement of new actors in the implementation
of cooperation.
Almost all ACP member-countries had already undergone a political renewal
prior to the signing of the Cotonou Agreement, and although some countries
are still experiencing problems like civil war, they are increasingly few
in number. The rise in democracy is seen particularly in the progressive
development of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, organ of cooperation
between the European Parliament and parliaments of ACP countries, into
a true Joint Parliamentary Assembly of democratically-elected parliamentarians,
in keeping with the spirit and letter of the Cotonou Agreement.
Government - civil society Partnership
The serious economic crisis at the end of the 80s and 90s which saw civil
society in ACP countries playing an increasingly active role in the fight
against poverty, gave rise, inter alia, to dialogue between social actors
and governments. Governments felt the need to harness the dynamism of all
sectors of the society primarily with a view to reducing and ultimately
eradicating poverty. As a result, as soon as the Cotonou Agreement was
signed, the ACP Group took steps to encourage the organisation and strengthening
of civil society and the ACP private sector. An ACP Civil Society Forum
and a Private Sector Forum were set up by the ACP Group. These sectors
now serve as mechanisms for implementing cooperation.
Twenty-five years of cooperation have demonstrated that, albeit enabling
developing countries to survive, aid cannot create development. Trade,
by contrast, is a determining factor of development. The Cotonou Agreement
promotes the strengthening of real economic partnership through new trade
agreements, among other things. The Group has been making tremendous efforts
to attract foreign investment and has been trying, therefore, to establish
a favourable legal, economic and political environment to achieve that
objective.
ACP Summits
Changes on the world scene at the end of the 80s, which saw the end of
ideological bipolarisation, the economic problems of that era, and other
factors prompted ACP Heads of State and Government to meet, for the first
time, in Libreville, Gabon, in November 1997. At that 1st Summit, they
laid down the guidelines for strengthening the Group by assigning more
specific roles to the ACP organs and deciding to reform the General Secretariat
by transforming it from a mere organ of support to the political bodies
into an executive institution. The Group also decided to extend consultations
among its member-countries to various fora such as the United Nations Organisation.
The 2nd ACP Summit, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, in November
1999, gave even more precise directives for intra-ACP cooperation and broadening
the scope of the Group which, while maintaining its privileged partnership
with the European Union, needed to develop a dialogue with other blocs
and make its voice heard in the new economic and geopolitical context.
The affirmation of the ACP Group´s presence at the Ministerial Conferences
of the World Trade Organisation, for example, (Doha, November 2001, and
Cancun, September 2003) is the logical consequence of the Summit directives
and their subsequent implementation.
The 3rd Summit of ACP Heads of State and Government held in Nadi, Fidji,
in July 2002, established guidelines in view of the negotiation of future
ACP-EU Economic Partnership Agreements, with a view to positioning the
ACP Group in the current economic and geopolitical context.
back to top
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the ACP Group, as defined by the Georgetown Agreement,
are to :
- Promote a new, fairer and more equitable world order ; ;
- Promote and strengthen solidarity among ACP States, and understanding
between ACP peoples and governments ;
- Contribute to the development of important and close economic, social
and cultural relations among developing countries and develop cooperation
among ACP States in the areas of Trade, Science and Technology, Industry,
Transport, Education, Training and Research, Information and Communication,
the Environment, Demography and Human Resources ;
- Contribute to the promotion of regional, inter-regional, and effective
intra-ACP cooperation among ACP States, generally among developing countries,
and strengthen the regional organisations of which they are members ;
- Define common positions of ACP States vis-à-vis the EEC in areas
covered by the Lome Convention and on relevant issues debated in international
fora, which may influence the implementation of the Lome Convention ;
- Ensure achievement of the objectives of the Lome Convention ; and
- Coordinate the activities of ACP States in the framework of the application
of the Lome Convention.
back to top
IMPORTANT DATES
1957
Signing of the Treaty of Rome which established the European Community,
and contains a section on cooperation with Overseas Countries and Territories
(OCTs).
Creation of the "Regime of Association" with resources from the 1st European
Development Fund (EDF).
1963
Signing of the 1st Yaoundé Convention by 18 African States and 6
European countries, supported by resources from the 2nd EDF. That Agreement,
like the 2nd Yaoundé Convention, was designed mainly for financial,
technical and trade cooperation primarily in the sectors of economic and
social infrastructure.
1969
Signing of the 2nd Yaoundé Convention supported by the 3rd EDF.
1973
Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Community opens the way
for the extension of Europe-Africa cooperation to Commonwealth countries
in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific.
1975
Signing of the Georgetown Agreement - the founding Charter of the Group.
It defines the rules governing cooperation among the countries of the
3 continents whose main link was the sharing of aid from the European
Community.
Entry into force of the Lome Convention - signed by 46 ACP countries
and 9 European States - which marks the beginning of cooperation between Europe
and the ACP Group. The Convention grants non-reciprocal trade preferences to
ACP countries and establishes Stabex: compensatory mechanism for loss of export
earnings due to price fluctuations. It is coupled with the 4th EDF.
1980
Signing of the 2nd Lome Convention by 58 ACP countries (coupled with the
5th EDF). Appearance of Sysmin : mechanism similar to Stabex, created
for mining products.
1985
Signing of the 3 rd Lome Convention by 65 ACP countries and 10 European
States, (6th EDF). Emphasis is placed on food self sufficiency in ACP
countries.
1990
Signing of the 4th Lome Convention which introduces a political dimension
to cooperation.
1995
Signing of the 4th Lome Convention bis by 70 ACP countries and 15 European
countries. The Convention emphasizes the importance of decentralised
cooperation and the role of civil society.
November 1997
1st ACP Summit in Libreville, Gabon, to consider how to strengthen the
Group.
November 1999
2nd ACP Summit in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with the theme: "On
the road to the 3rd millennium".
23 June 2000
Signing of the Cotonou Agreement by 77 ACP countries, which provides for
the abolition of non-reciprocal trade preferences after a transition
period of ACP-EU trade cooperation. During that time, from September
2002 to the end of 2007, Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) will
be negotiated between the European Union and ACP States.
November 2001
The ACP States obtain a waiver from the rules of the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) on the trade chapter of the Cotonou Agreement at the 4th WTO Ministerial
Conference.
July 2002
3rd ACP Summit in Nadi, Fiji, with the theme: "ACP Solidarity in a globalized
world". The Summit defined guidelines for the Group in view of the negotiations
for the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA).
September 2002
Start of negotiations for Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) in Brussels.
June 2003
1st meeting of ACP Ministers of Culture
October 2003
Start of EPA negotiations with the regions of West and Central Africa.
February 2004
Start of EPA negotiations with the regions of East and Southern Africa
back to top
|
